Abordaje paliativo en enfermedades respiratorias avanzadas / Palliative Approach in Advanced Respiratory Diseases

Las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas avanzadas son prevalentes y producen deterioro de la calidad de vida, en particular la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales difusas (EPID) y las enfermedades neuromusculares progresivas con compromiso diafragmático (ENM). Quienes las padecen presentan síntomas persistentes que no son siempre adecuada-mente controlados por los tratamientos recomendados por las guías clínicas de mane-jo. El tratamiento paliativo de los síntomas persistentes es un punto relevante y suelen presentarse barreras para su implementación.Este artículo ofrece una revisión narrativa sobre una perspectiva latinoamericana acerca del rol de los cuidados paliativos en enfermedades respiratorias avanzadas.

Advanced chronic respiratory diseases are prevalent and cause deterioration in qual-ity of life, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diffuse intersti-tial lung diseases (ILD) and progressive neuromuscular diseases with diaphragmatic involvement (NMD). Those who suffer from them usually present persistent symptoms that are not always adequately controlled by the treatments recommended by the clinical management guidelines. Palliative treatment of persistent symptoms is a relevant point, but the pal-liative approach usually presents barriers to its implementation.This article offers a narrative review over Latin American perspective on the role of pal-liative care in advanced respiratory diseases.

Muscle energy technique for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A feasibility study / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing a manual therapy technique (muscle energy technique, MET) protocol in a hospital pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Please cite this article as: Baxter DA, Coyle ME, Hill CJ, Worsnop C, Shergis JL. Muscle energy technique for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A feasibility study. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(3): 245-253.@*METHODS@#Participants aged 40 years and over, with moderate to severe COPD, were recruited into this 12-week study. The primary outcome measures were feasibility (acceptability of the intervention and attendance/adherence to the trial) and safety (adverse events, AEs). All participants received the MET and PR therapies. Participants and assessors were unblinded. Semi-standardized MET was delivered on 6 occasions (a maximum of once per week) at the hospital directly before a PR session. Participants undertook PR sessions as per the hospital program at a frequency of two days per week for 8 weeks. Participants were contacted 4 weeks after their final MET treatment via a telephone call to assess acceptability of the intervention.@*RESULTS@#Thirty-three participants were enrolled, with a median age of 74 years (range 45-89 years). The median number of MET sessions that participants attended was 5 (range 0-6) out of a possible 6 sessions (83% attendance). At follow-up, participants overwhelmingly enjoyed the MET treatment with some subjectively reporting improved breathing. There were no major AEs related to the intervention, with the majority of AEs classified as expected events related to COPD exacerbations.@*CONCLUSION@#It is feasible to implement a manual therapy protocol using MET as an adjunct to PR in a hospital setting. Recruitment rates were satisfactory and there were no AEs related to the MET component of the intervention.

Death-Related Factors in Patients With Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated by Sequential Mechanical Ventilation / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To analyze the death-related factors of elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) treated by sequential mechanical ventilation,so as to provide evidence for clinical practice. Methods The clinical data of 1204 elderly patients (≥60 years old) with AECOPD treated by sequential mechanical ventilation from June 2015 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.The probability and influencing factors of death were analyzed. Results Among the 1204 elderly patients with AECOPD treated by sequential mechanical ventilation,167 (13.87%) died.Multivariate analysis showed that plasma procalcitonin ≥0.5 μg/L (OR=2.762, 95%CI=1.920-3.972, P<0.001),daily invasive ventilation time ≥12 h (OR=2.202, 95%CI=1.487-3.262,P<0.001),multi-drug resistant bacterial infection (OR=1.790,95%CI=1.237-2.591,P=0.002),oxygenation index<39.90 kPa (OR=2.447,95%CI=1.625-3.685,P<0.001),glycosylated hemoglobin >6% (OR=2.288,95%CI=1.509-3.470,P<0.001),and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ score ≥25 points (OR=2.126,95%CI=1.432-3.156,P<0.001) were independent risk factors for death in patients with AECOPD treated by sequential mechanical ventilation.Oral care>twice/d (OR=0.676,95%CI=0.457-1.000,P=0.048) and sputum excretion>twice/d (OR=0.492, 95%CI=0.311-0.776, P=0.002) were independent protective factors for death in elderly patients with AECOPD treated by sequential mechanical ventilation. Conclusions The outcomes of sequential mechanical ventilation in the treatment of elderly patients with AECOPD are affected by a variety of factors.To reduce the mortality,we put forward the following measures:attaching great importance to severe patients,restoring oxygenation function,shortening unnecessary invasive ventilation time,controlling blood glucose,preventing multidrug resistant bacterial infection,oral care twice a day,and sputum excretion twice a day.

Estudio de sobrevida a largo plazo en pacientes adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas atendidos por infección respiratoria aguda por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 / Study of long-term survival in adult patients with chronic respiratory diseases treated for acute respiratory infection by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2

La enfermedad respiratoria aguda por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) se ha convertido en un grave problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivos: Examinar el uso de recursos sanitarios, riesgo de complicaciones y muerte en pacientes adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas atendidos por COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio clínico descriptivo prospectivo realizado en pacientes adultos atendidos por COVID-19 en la Red de Salud UC Christus entre el 1 de abril y 31 de diciembre de 2020. Resultados: Se evaluaron 2.160 pacientes adultos, edad: 47 ± 17 años (rango: 18-100), 51,3% sexo masculino, 43,8% tenía comorbilidades, especialmente hipertensión (23,2%), diabetes (11,7%) y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas: asma (5%), EPOC (1,4%) y enfermedad pulmonar difusa (EPD: 0,8%). Los pacientes adultos con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas tuvieron mayor riesgo de hospitalización y uso de oxígeno suplementario; sin embargo, la evolución de los pacientes asmáticos y la sobrevida a los doce meses fue similar a los pacientes sin comorbilidades atendidos por COVID-19, mientras que en los pacientes con EPOC y EPD la admisión a la unidad de paciente crítico y riesgo de muerte fueron más elevados. En el análisis multivariado, los principales predictores clínicos asociados al riesgo de muerte en el seguimiento a doce meses en pacientes adultos con COVID-19 fueron la edad y admisión al hospital, mientras que el asma fue un factor protector. Conclusión: Los pacientes asmáticos tuvieron bajo riesgo de complicaciones y muerte asociados a COVID-19; mientras que los pacientes con EPOC y EPD tuvieron mayor riesgo de complicaciones y muerte en el seguimiento a largo plazo.

The acute respiratory disease associated to coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has become a serious public health problem worldwide. Objectives: To examine the use of healthcare resources, risk of complications and death in adult patients with chronic respiratory diseases treated for COVID-19. Methods: Prospective descriptive clinical study conducted in adult patients treated for COVID-19 in the UC Christus Healthcare Network between April 1 and December 31, 2020. Results: 2,160 adult patients were evaluated, age: 47 ± 17 years-old (range: 18-100), 51.3% male, 43.8% had comorbidities, especially hypertension (23.2%), diabetes (11.7%), and chronic respiratory diseases: asthma (5%), COPD (1,4%) and interstitial lung disease (ILD: 0.8%). Adult patients with chronic respiratory diseases were at higher risk for hospitalization and use of supplemental oxygen; however, the evolution of asthmatic patients and survival at twelve months was similar to that of adult patients without comorbidities treated for COVID-19, while in patients with COPD and ILD admission to the critical care unit and risk of death were higher. In the multivariate analysis, the main clinical predictors associated to 12-month mortality risk in adult patients with COVID-19 were age and hospital admission, while asthma was a protective factor. Conclusion: Asthmatic patients had minor risk of complications and mortality associated with COVID-19; while patients with COPD and ILD had a significant higher risk of complications and 12-month mortality.

Low diastolic blood pressure and adverse outcomes in inpatients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A multicenter cohort study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Although intensively studied in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the prognostic value of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) has little been elucidated in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). This study aimed to reveal the prognostic value of DBP in AECOPD patients.@*METHODS@#Inpatients with AECOPD were prospectively enrolled from 10 medical centers in China between September 2017 and July 2021. DBP was measured on admission. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality; invasive mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission were secondary outcomes. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariable Cox regressions were used to identify independent prognostic factors and calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for adverse outcomes.@*RESULTS@#Among 13,633 included patients with AECOPD, 197 (1.45%) died during their hospital stay. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that low DBP on admission (<70 mmHg) was associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality (HR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.53-3.05, Z = 4.37, P <0.01), invasive mechanical ventilation (HR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.32-2.05, Z = 19.67, P <0.01), and ICU admission (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.24-1.69, Z = 22.08, P <0.01) in the overall cohort. Similar findings were observed in subgroups with or without CVDs, except for invasive mechanical ventilation in the subgroup with CVDs. When DBP was further categorized in 5-mmHg increments from <50 mmHg to ≥100 mmHg, and 75 to <80 mmHg was taken as reference, HRs for in-hospital mortality increased almost linearly with decreased DBP in the overall cohort and subgroups of patients with CVDs; higher DBP was not associated with the risk of in-hospital mortality.@*CONCLUSION@#Low on-admission DBP, particularly <70 mmHg, was associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes among inpatients with AECOPD, with or without CVDs, which may serve as a convenient predictor of poor prognosis in these patients.@*CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION@#Chinese Clinical Trail Registry, No. ChiCTR2100044625.

Acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at stable stage: a network Meta-analysis / 中国针灸

The efficacy on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at stable stage treated with different methods of acupuncture and moxibustion was evaluated using network Meta-analysis method. The articles of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) on stable COPD treated with acupuncture and moxibustion were searched electronically in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science and Cochrane library. The search was conducted from the inception of the databases to March 20th, 2022. Data analysis was performed using R4.1.1, Stata16.0 and RevMan5.3 softwares. A total of 48 RCTs were included, involving 15 kinds of acupuncture and moxibustion interventions and a sample size of 3 900 cases. The results of network Meta-analysis showed that: ① For the forced expiratory volume in one second predicted (FEV1%), both the governor vessel moxibustion combined with conventional treatment (G+C therapy) and the yang-supplementing moxibustion combined with conventional treatment (Y+C therapy) obtained the better effect than that of the conventional treatment (P<0.05), and the G+C therapy was more effective compared with the thread-embedding therapy combined with conventional treatment (E+C therapy) and warm needling (P<0.05). ② Concerning to COPD assessment test (CAT) score, the results indicated that the Y+C therapy, and the mild moxibustion combined with conventional treatment (M+C therapy) were more effective when compared with the conventional treatment (P<0.05), and the effect of the Y+C therapy was better than that of the E+C therapy (P<0.05). ③ Regarding six-minute walking distance (6MWD), the effect of acupuncture combined with conventional treatment (A+C therapy) was better than that of either the E+C therapy or the conventional treatment (P<0.05). The effect of the G+C therapy was optimal for improving FEV1%, the Y+C therapy obtained the best effect for improving CAT score, and A+C therapy was the most effective for improving 6MWD. Due to the limitation of the quality and quantity of included studies, this conclusion needs to be further verified through high-quality RCT.

Electroacupuncture for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with gastrointestinal dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of electroacupuncture (EA) for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) complicated with gastrointestinal dysfunction.@*METHODS@#A total of 100 patients with AECOPD complicated with gastrointestinal dysfunction were randomly divided into an EA group (50 cases, 2 cases dropped off, 1 case excluded) and a medication group (50 cases). Both groups were treated with symptomatic and supportive treatment such as low flow oxygen, nebulized inhalation of short-acting β2 agonist (SABA) or short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA) combined with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). The EA group was treated with EA at Zusanli (ST 36), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Zhongwan (CV 12), Shuifen (CV 9), Tianshu (ST 25), Chize (LU 5) and Lieque (LU 7), with discontinuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency, 30 min each time, once a day. In the medication group, oral mosapride citrate tablets were given, 3 times a day, 5 mg each time. Both groups were treated for 5 d. Before and after treatment, the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) score was observe, serum procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) were detected, and patient satisfaction degree was evaluated in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with before treatment, except for diarrhea dimension in the medication group, the total scores and each dimension scores of GSRS were decreased (P<0.05), serum PCT and CRP were decreased (P<0.05), plasma PaO2/FiO2 was increased (P<0.05) in the two groups after treatment. After treatment, in the EA group, the total score and abdominal pain, dyspepsia, constipation and diarrhea scores of GSRS were lower than those in the medication group (P<0.05), meanwhile serum PCT and CRP were lower and plasma PaO2/FiO2 was higher than those in the medication group (P<0.05). The improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms, life quality and overall satisfaction degree in the EA group were superior to those in the medication group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EA could improve the symptoms of patients with AECOPD complicated with gastrointestinal dysfunction, reduce inflammatory response, improve oxygenation and patient satisfaction degree.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Role of Myocardial Deformation Indices and Right Ventricle Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Abstract Background: Right ventricular dysfunction is a major complication in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and, despite its prognostic implications, is rarely considered in routine clinical analysis. Objectives: To compare RV function variables with standard and advanced echocardiographic techniques in patients with stable COPD and controls. Methods: Twenty COPD patients classified as GOLD ≥ II (13 men aged 68.4 ± 8.3 years) and 20 matched controls were compared. Myocardial strain/strain rate indices were obtained by tissue Doppler and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Right ventricular ejection fraction was obtained with three-dimensional software. Free wall myocardial thickness (FWMT) and tricuspid annular systolic excursion (TAPSE) were also measured. Numerical variables were compared between groups with Student's t-test or the Mann-Whitney test. Associations between categorical variables were determined with Fisher's exact test. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: All myocardial deformation indices, particularly global longitudinal strain (-17.2 ± 4.4 vs -21.2: ± 4.4 = 0.001) and 3D right ventricular ejection fraction (40.8 ± 9.3% vs 51.1 ± 6.4% p <0.001) were reduced in COPD patients. These patients presented higher right ventricular FWMT and lower TAPSE values than controls. Conclusion: Myocardial deformation indices, either tissue Doppler or speckle tracking echocardiography and 3D right ventricular ejection fraction, are robust markers of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with stable COPD. Assessing global longitudinal strain by speckle tracking echocardiography is a more practical and reproducible method.

Oxigenoterapia em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos com ou sem hipercapnia: revisão sistemática / Oxygenotherapy in patients with disability of the respiratory system by chronic obstruction to air flows with or without hypercapnia: systematic review

Introdução: a deficiência no sistema por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos é uma doença caracterizada por inflamação, associada a alterações anatômicas e fisiológicas, podendo ocasionar exacerbações respiratórias. A oxigenoterapia tem sido uma alternativa usada em pacientes que possuem insuficiência respiratória decorrente da obstrução crônica, como tentativa de diminuir os sintomas e as complicações geradas. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos da oxigenoterapia em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica, com e sem hipercapnia, quanto aos desfechos pressão parcial de oxigênio, frequência respiratória, tempo de internamento e qualidade de vida.Metodologia: revisão de ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECR) nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e PEDro. Incluídos estudos originais que utilizaram a oxigenoterapia como intervenção em pacientes com deficiência do sistema respiratório por obstrução crônica aos fluxos aéreos ou que outras síndromes. Resultados: na busca realizada nas bases de dados foram identificados um total de 387 estudos, reduzindo para 87 quando aplicado o descritor "ensaio clínico" e 7 estudos foram incluídos publicados entre os anos de 2004 e 2019. Conclusão: A oxigenoterapia mostrou-se incremento da pressão parcial de oxigênio, frequência respiratória e redução do tempo de internamento com impactos na melhora da qualidade de vida.

Introduction: system deficiency due to chronic airflow obstruction is a disease characterized by inflammation, associated with anatomical and physiological changes, which can cause respiratory exacerbations. Oxygen therapy has been an alternative used in patients who have respiratory failure due to obstruction of the obstruction as an attempt to reduce symptoms and as complications generated. Objective: to evaluate the effects of oxygen therapy in patients with respiratory system deficiency due to chronic obstruction, with and without hypercapnia, in terms of partial oxygen pressure, respiratory rate, length of stay and quality of life. Methodology: review of controlled clinical trials and (RCT) in the PubMed, Cochrane and PEDro databases. Included original studies that used oxygen therapy as an intervention in patients with respiratory system deficiency due to obstruction to flow flows or other syndromes. Results: in the search carried out in the databases, a total of 387 studies were identified, for 87 when the descriptor "clinical trial" was projected and 7 studies were included between the years 2004 and 2019. Conclusion: oxygen therapy showed an increase in pressure partial oxygen, respiratory rate and reduction in hospital stay with impacts on improving the quality due.

Molecular hydrogen is a promising therapeutic agent for pulmonary disease / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Molecular hydrogen exerts biological effects on nearly all organs. It has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects and contributes to the regulation of autophagy and cell death. As the primary organ for gas exchange, the lungs are constantly exposed to various harmful environmental irritants. Short- or long-term exposure to these harmful substances often results in lung injury, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Acute and chronic respiratory diseases have high rates of morbidity and mortality and have become a major public health concern worldwide. For example, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. An increasing number of studies have revealed that hydrogen may protect the lungs from diverse diseases, including acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we highlight the multiple functions of hydrogen and the mechanisms underlying its protective effects in various lung diseases, with a focus on its roles in disease pathogenesis and clinical significance.

Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y comportamiento sedentario: revisión sistemática / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sedentary behavior: a systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: A pesar del progreso de la investigación mundial sobre el comportamiento sedentario, sabemos poco aún acerca de sus relaciones y efectos en la población con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), por eso el objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la evidencia actual y más frecuente disponible sobre este tema. MÉTODO: Se utilizaron cinco bases de datos electrónicas para realizar una revisión cualitativa diagnóstica. Los documentos elegibles de los últimos cinco años se analizaron descriptivamente en una tabla de extracción de datos y analizaron por separados los distintos temas encontrados. RESULTADOS: Se evidenció en varios artículos el alto comportamiento sedentario en EPOC, y cómo se relaciona con el nivel de severidad de la enfermedad y con mortalidad. La estrategia principal sugerida fue reemplazar el tiempo sedente con actividad física. Discusión: Los resultados de la revisión son similares a lo estudiado en población de variada comorbilidad. Sin embargo, los precedentes de éstos son más específicos en cuanto a recomendaciones. Deben tomarse en cuenta aquellos hallazgos previos como directriz de estudio en la EPOC, ya que se comparte la base fisiopatológica de inflamación crónica sistémica. CONCLUSIÓN: Algunos hallazgos encontrados con mayor frecuencia, son la relación del comportamiento sedentario con la mortalidad y el desarrollo de mayor comorbilidad en la EPOC, además de la intervención a través de la actividad física, por lo cual es necesario profundizar en esta temática buscando estrategias y recomendaciones específicas para esta población.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the progress of global research on sedentary behavior, we know little about its relationships and its effects on the population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). therefore, the purpose of this review was to analyze the current and most common evidence available on these issues. METHOD: Five electronic databases were used to conduct a qualitative diagnostic review. eligible documents from the past five years were descriptively analyzed in a data extraction table and analyzed separately the various topics found. RESULTS: High sedentary behavior in COPD was evident in several articles, and how it relates to the severity level of the disease and mortality. the main suggested strategy was to replace sedentary time with physical activity. Discussion: The results of this review are similar to what is studied in a population of varied co-morbility. However, their precedents are more specific in terms of recommendations. previous findings should be considered as a study guideline in COPD, as the pathological basis of chronic systemic inflammation is shared. CONCLUSION: Some findings found more frequently are the relationship of sedentary behavior with mortality and the development of greater co-morbility in COPD, in addition to intervention through physical activity, so it is necessary to deepen this topic by looking for strategies and recommendations specific to this population.

Study on the rule of acupoint selection in treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the characteristics and rule of clinical acupoint selection in treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).@*METHODS@#The clinical articles of acupuncture in treatment of AECOPD were retrieved from the databases of PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and SinoMed, from the date of establishment to July 15, 2020. The articles were screened in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the prescriptions of acupuncture and the relevant information of the acupoints and meridians were extracted to establish the database. The data mining methods i.e. Apriori association rule analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyse the using frequency, involving meridians, acupoint distributions, association rules and cluster of selected acupoints.@*RESULTS@#A total of 54 articles were included, 67 acupuncture prescriptions were extracted, 69 acupoints were involved and the total using frequency was 475 times. The top 5 acupoints in frequency were Danzhong (CV 17), Feishu (BL 13), Zusanli (ST 36), Fenglong (ST 40) and Dingchuan (EX-B1). The main involved meridians were bladder meridian of foot-@*CONCLUSION@#The local acupoints and acupoints along meridians are the main acupuncture prescriptions for AECOPD, and the special points are the predominated selection. The acupoint compatibility embodies the therapeutic principle of "strengthening vital

Stem cell therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by persistent and not fully reversible airflow restrictions, is currently one of the most widespread chronic lung diseases in the world. The most common symptoms of COPD are cough, expectoration, and exertional dyspnea. Although various strategies have been developed during the last few decades, current medical treatment for COPD only focuses on the relief of symptoms, and the reversal of lung function deterioration and improvement in patient's quality of life are very limited. Consequently, development of novel effective therapeutic strategies for COPD is urgently needed. Stem cells were known to differentiate into a variety of cell types and used to regenerate lung parenchyma and airway structures. Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that has the potential to restore the lung function and improve the quality of life in patients with COPD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical research on the treatment of COPD with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and aims to update the understanding of the role of MSCs in COPD treatment, which may be helpful for developing effective therapeutic strategies in clinical settings.

Effect of electroacupuncture on small airway function in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the regulatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on small airway function and exercise tolerance in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).@*METHODS@#A total of 62 patients with stable COPD were randomized into an observation group (31 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (31 cases, 5 cases dropped off). On the base of routine medication and aerobic exercise, the patients of the two groups all received EA at Danzhong (CV 17), Rugen (ST 18), Guanyuan (CV 4), Zhongwan (CV 12), Tianshu (ST 25) and Yingchuang (ST 16). In the observation group, filiform needles were used and inserted perpendicularly, 3 mm in depth. In the control group, the placebo needling method was performed, in which the needle was not inserted through skin at each point. In both groups, electric stimulation with low-frequency electronic pulse instrument was exerted, with continuous wave, 2 Hz in frequency, lasting 30 min each time in the two groups. The treatment was given once every other day, 3 times a week, for 14 treatments totally. Before and after treatment, the following indexes were compared in patients between the two groups, i.e. the lung function indexes (forced expiratory volume in first second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], the ratio of FEV1 to FVC [FEV1/FVC], maximal voluntary ventilation [MVV], the percentage of maximal expiratory flow [MEF] at 25% of FVC exhaled [MEF25], MEF50 and MEF75 in predicted value), cardiopulmonary exercise test indexs (metabolic equivalent [METS], oxygen uptake per kg body weight [VO@*RESULTS@#After treatment, FVC%, MVV%, MEF75%, MEF50%, VO@*CONCLUSION@#Electroacupuncture can improve the respiratory function and exercise tolerance in COPD patients through removing small airway obstruction and increasing ventilation.

Effect of acupuncture on diaphragmatic function in patients with AECOPD typeⅡ respiratory failure evaluated by ultrasound detection / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with western conventional therapy on type Ⅱ respiratory failure of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and evaluate the effect of acupuncture on diaphragmatic function and prognosis by bedside ultrasound.@*METHODS@#A total of 111 patients with AECOPD type Ⅱ respiratory failure were randomized into an acupuncture group, a conventional treatment group and a non-acupoint acupuncture group, 37 cases in each one. The routine AECOPD nursing care and treatment with western medicine were provided in the 3 groups. Additionally, in the acupuncture group, acupuncture was applied at Dingchuan (EX-B 1), Feishu (BL 13), Taiyuan (LU 9), Danzhong (CV 17) and Zhongwan (CV 12), etc. In the non-acupoint acupuncture group, acupuncture was given at the points 5 to 10 mm lateral to each of the acupoints selected in the acupuncture group. Acupuncture was given once every day, 30 min each time, consecutively for 10 days in the above two groups. Separately, before treatment, on day 3, 7 and 10 of treatment, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO@*RESULTS@#On day 3, 7 and 10 of treatment, PaO@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture as adjunctive therapy achieves significant therapeutic effect on AECOPD type Ⅱ respiratory failure. It improves diaphragmatic function, promotes oxygenation and relieves carbon dioxide retention of artery, alleviates clinical symptoms and reduces the time of mechanic ventilation and hospitalization. Besides, the bedside ultrasound detection can objectively reflect the effect of acupuncture on diaphragmatic function in the patients with AECOPD complicated with typeⅡrespiratory failure.

Clinical efficacy and safety of moxibustion as adjuvant therapy for COPD in stable phase: a Meta-analysis / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of conventional therapy combined with moxibustion in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in stable phase based on Meta-analysis medicine.@*METHODS@#The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of moxibustion as adjuvant therapy for COPD were retrieved from the databases of CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Ebsco. RevMan5.3 software was used for Meta analysis, and the quality of evidence was evaluated according to GRADE standards.@*RESULTS@#A total of 16 RCTs were included, involving 1425 patients. The results of Meta-analysis showed that: compared with the conventional treatment, ①the adjuvant therapy with moxibustion had advantages in reducing the number of acute exacerbations [@*CONCLUSION@#The efficacy of moxibustion as adjuvant therapy for COPD in stable phase is better than that of simple conventional therapy. Due to insufficient clinical evidence and the limitations of this study, clinical safety is unclear and further evidence is needed to support the results.

Desfechos da terapia manual sobre a biomecânica da deglutição em indivíduos com DPOC / Outcomes of manual therapy on the biomechanics of swallowing in individuals with COPD

RESUMO Objetivo Diversos comprometimentos da deglutição têm sido relatados em indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), tendo como causa a desvantagem mecânica da musculatura respiratória devido à hiperinsuflação. Dentre as estratégias terapêuticas, até o momento, não foram encontrados relatos na literatura sobre o uso da terapia manual (TM) no manejo dos transtornos da deglutição nesta população. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar os desfechos de um programa de TM sobre a biomecânica da deglutição de indivíduos com DPOC. Método Foram avaliados 18 indivíduos com idade média 66,06±8,86 anos, 61,1% (11) homens e VEF1%médio 40,28±16,73 antes e após-programa de TM. As medidas analisadas foram: tempo de trânsito oral, tempo de trânsito faríngeo (TTF), número de deglutições, resíduos em valéculas (VL) e seios piriformes, penetração/aspiração e excursão hiolaríngea na deglutição das consistências líquida e pastosa. Resultados Houve diferença significativa no TTF (p=0,04), resíduos em VL (p=0,03), elevação máxima do hioide (p=0,003) e deslocamento do hioide (p=0,02) na deglutição da consistência pastosa. Na consistência líquida apenas redução de resíduos em VL (p=0,001). Conclusão O programa de TM interferiu na biomecânica da deglutição de indivíduos DPOC demonstrada pela redução do TTF, resíduos em VL e maior elevação e deslocamento do hioide na consistência pastosa. Na consistência líquida houve redução de resíduos em VL.

ABSTRACT Purpose Several swallowing disorders have been reported in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients due to the mechanical disadvantage of the respiratory muscles caused by hyperinflation. To date, no reports have been found in the literature among the therapeutic strategies on the use of manual therapy (MT) to manage swallowing disorders in COPD. The aim of the study was to verify the outcomes of a TM program on the biomechanics of swallowing of individuals with COPD. Methods 18 individuals with a mean age of 66.06 ± 8.86 years, 61.1% (11) men, and a FEV1% mean of 40.28 ± 16.73 were evaluated before and after TM. The measures analyzed were: oral transit time, pharyngeal transit time (PTT), number of swallows, vallecular (VL) residue and pyriform sinuses, penetration/aspiration and hyolaryngeal excursion in liquid and pasty consistencies. Results A significant difference was found in PTT (p=0.04), VL residue (p=0.03), maximal hyoid elevation (p=0.003), and displacement of hyoid (p=0.02) in the pasty consistency. In the liquid consistency, we found a decrease in VL residue (p=0.001). Conclusion The MT program influenced the swallowing biomechanics of COPD patients demonstrated by a reduction in PTT and VL residue and increased hyoid elevation and displacement in the pasty consistency. In the liquid consistency, a decrease in VL residue was found.

Terapia inalatória em ventilação não-invasiva em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Inhalation therapy during noninvasive ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os aspectos técnicos e cuidados a serem observados durante a administração de medicamentos inalatórios contidos em inalador pressurizado (pMDI) em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica em ventilação não-invasiva (VNI). Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa elaborada em quatro fases: (1) busca na literatura; (2) consulta às sociedades médicas; (3) pesquisaem bulas e monografias dos fármacos inalatórios; e (4) contato com empresas de ventiladores, medicamentos e espaçadores. A busca aos estudos foi conduzida a partir de palavras-chaves e restringida a publicações até 31 de dezembro de 2019, nos idiomas português e inglês. Foram selecionados 9 artigos, sendo 1 estudo primário, 6 estudos de revisão e 2 estudos em modelos experimentais de ventilação. Foram incluídas 2 diretrizes a partir da consulta às sociedades médicas e das 8 empresas contatas, quatro fizeram recomendações quanto à técnica inalatória. Não foram encontradas informações sobre a administração dos fármacos em VNI nas bulas e monografias. Recomenda-se atentar para as medidas que podem aumentar a deposição pulmonar dos fármacos inalatórios, como uso de aerocâmara com pMDI, minimização de escape indesejável de ar, sincronia entre paciente-ventilador, disparo do jato na fase inspiratória e inserção de porta de vazamento na máscara ou circuito. (AU)

The aim of this study is to describe the technical aspects and cautions to be observed during the administration of inhaled medications contained in a pressurized inhaler (pMDI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on noninvasive ventilation. This integrative review consisted of 4 phases: (1) search in the literature; (2) consultation with medical societies; (3) research on package inserts and monographs of inhaled drugs; and (4) contact with ventilator, medication and spacer companies. The search for studies was based on keywords and restricted to articles published until December 31, 2019, written in Portuguese and English. Nine articles were selected, including 1 primary study, 6 review studies and 2 studies on experimental ventilation models. Two guidelines were included from the consultation with medical societies, and of the 8 companies contacted, 4 made recommendations regarding the inhalation technique. No information was found on the administration of noninvasive ventilation drugs in package inserts and monographs. Attention should be given to measures that increase the pulmonary deposition of inhaled drugs, such as the use of an air chamber with pMDI, minimization of undesirable air leakage, patient-ventilator synchronization, jet firing in the inspiratory phase and insertion of a leak port in the mask or circuit. (AU)

Avaliação da associação da aderência à oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada e marcadores clínicos e mortalidade em cinco anos em pacientes com a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica / Evaluation of the association of adherence to long-term home oxygen therapy and clinical markers and five-year mortality in patients with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre a adesão à oxigenoterapia domiciliar prolongada (ODP) e a mortalidade em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e insuficiência respiratória crônica e suas características clínicas. Métodos Análise retrospectiva longitudinal de 254 pacientes com DPOC e insuficiência respiratória crônica no período de 2008 a 2016. No início do estudo, avaliamos o diagnóstico, valores espirométricos, gasometria arterial, hemograma, oximetria de pulso, composição corporal e questionários de saúde (dispnéia, qualidade). vida, ansiedade e depressão). Para a análise de adesão referida ao ODP, foram incluídos 199 pacientes, divididos de acordo com a prescrição de oxigênio: 12h/dia (G1), 15h/dia (G2) e 24h/dia (G3). As causas e datas da morte foram estudadas durante o período de cinco anos. Resultados Em cinco anos, identificamos 124 óbitos (62,3%). Não houve diferença significativa na mortalidade entre os grupos de adesão (p = 0,75) e não encontramos diferenças nos parâmetros clínicos avaliados. A prescrição de ODP não foi associada à mortalidade (p = 0,07). Na análise de regressão de Cox, não houve associação entre mortalidade e não adesão ao ODP (HR: 0,75; IC95%: 0,21-2,70). O risco de mortalidade aumentou no G3 em comparação ao G1 (HR: 7,16; IC 95%: 1,44-35,38) e naqueles com maior escore de depressão (HR: 1,35; IC: 1,14-1,59). Conclusão Não foi encontrada associação entre adesão à ODP e mortalidade em pacientes com DPOC e insuficiência respiratória. Não houve diferenças clínicas entre os grupos de adesão.

ABSTRACT Objective Assess the relationship between adherence to long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) with mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic respiratory failure and their clinical features. Methods Longitudinal retrospective analysis of 254 patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure from 2008 to 2016. At baseline, we evaluated the diagnosis, spirometry values, arterial blood gas analysis, blood count, pulse oximetry, body composition and health questionnaires (dyspnea, quality of life, anxiety and depression). For referred adherence analysis to LTOT we included 199 patients, divided according to prescription of oxygen: 12h/day (G1), 15h/day (G2) and 24h/day (G3). The cause of death and dates were studied over the five-year period. Results In five years we identified 124 deaths (62.3%). No significant difference was found in mortality between the adherence groups (p=0.75) nor did we find differences in the clinical parameters evaluated. LTOT prescription was not associated with mortality (p=0.07). In Cox regression analysis, there was no association between mortality and non-adherence to LTOT (HR: 0.75; IC95%: 0.21-2.70). The risk of mortality was increased in G3 compared with G1 (HR: 7.16; IC 95%: 1.44-35.38) and in those with a higher depression score (HR: 1.35; IC: 1.14-1.59). Conclusion No association was found between LTOT adherence and mortality in patients with COPD and respiratory failure. There were no clinical differences between the adherence groups.

Qual o melhor protocolo e ponto de corte no teste 4-metre gait speed para discriminar capacidade de exercício na Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica? / Which is the best protocol and cut-off point in the 4-metre gait speed test to discriminate exercise capacity in COPD?

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o poder discriminativo e o ponto de corte de diferentes protocolos do teste 4-metre gait speed (4MGS) para identificar capacidade de exercício preservada ou reduzida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6min) em pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC); comparar os protocolos do 4MGS; e comparar as características dos indivíduos de acordo com o melhor ponto de corte encontrado. Métodos Foram avaliados 56 pacientes com DPOC. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação das características antropométricas, função pulmonar (espirometria) e capacidade funcional de exercício (TC6min e 4 protocolos do 4MGS). No teste 4MGS, os pacientes foram instruídos a caminhar em velocidade usual e máxima em percursos de 4 metros (4MGS 4m - usual e máximo) e 8 metros (4MGS 8m - usual e máximo). Resultados Somente o protocolo 4MGS 4m-máximo foi capaz de identificar capacidade de exercício preservada no TC6min (AUC=0,70) com correlação moderada entre os testes (r=0,52; P<0,0001). O ponto de corte encontrado no 4MGS 4m-máximo foi de 1,27 m/s. Os pacientes com capacidade de exercício preservada (4MGS 4m-máximo ≥1,27m/s) atingiram maior distância percorrida no TC6min em %predito (91±2 vs 76±3; P<0,0001). Nas outras comparações envolvendo gênero, IMC, VEF1%pred e índice GOLD não ocorreram diferenças significantes entre os grupos. Além disso, a concordância de indivíduos classificados com capacidade de exercício preservada e reduzida no TC6min e no 4MGS 4m-máximo foi significante (P=0,008). Conclusão O teste 4MGS 4m-máximo pode ser utilizado para discriminar capacidade de exercício preservada em pacientes com DPOC, e se correlaciona com o TC6min.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the discriminative capacity and cut-off point of different 4-metre gait speed test (4MGS) protocols in identifying preserved or reduced exercise capacity using the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); also, to compare 4MGS protocols and characteristics of individuals according to the best cut-off point. Methods We evaluated fifty-six patients with COPD, all of which were submitted to the assessment of anthropometric characteristics, pulmonary function (spirometry) and functional exercise capacity (6MWT and four protocols of the 4MGS). In the 4MGS test, patients were instructed to walk at normal pace and at maximum speed in a 4 meters course (4MGS 4m - usual pace and at maximum) and 8 meters course (4MGS 8m - usual pace and at maximum). Results Only the 4MGS 4m-maximum protocol was able to identify preserved exercise capacity in the 6MWT (AUC=0.70) with moderate correlation between them (r=0.52; P=0<0.0001). The cut-off point found in the 4MGS 4m-maximum was 1.27 m/s. Patients with preserved exercise capacity (4MGS 4m-maximum ≥1.27m/s) walker greater distances on the 6MWT in %pred (91±2 vs 76±3; P<0.0001). In the other comparisons involving gender, BMI, FEV1% pred and GOLD index there were no significant differences between the groups. In addition, the agreement of individuals classified as preserved and reduced exercise capacity in the 6MWT and 4MGS 4m-maximum was significant (P = 0.008). Conclusion The 4MGS 4m-maximum test can be used to discriminate preserved exercise capacity in patients with COPD and correlates with the 6MWT.